Reams Biological Theory of Ionization (RBTI) uses refractometers, pH meters, and conductivity testing to evaluate biological samples. Explore its history, testing methods, the role of Brix measurements, and how to select the right refractometer for biological or food applicationss

Accurate fountain solution testing helps offset printers maintain consistent press performance. Learn how a BOSS Refractometer can help check the concentration of freshly mixed fountain solution, why readings must be calibrated to the specific concentrate, and how refractometry compares with pH and conductivity testing. Discover the limitations of testing used fountain solution and practical steps for more reliable measurements.

Need instructions for the MISCO 10430VP analog refractometer? This guide covers sample preparation, reading the 0–30 °Brix scale, zero calibration, cleaning, maintenance, and troubleshooting for this classic handheld instrument.

Measuring Invert Sugar with a Refractometer: Brix, Applications and Choosing the Right Instrument

Invert sugar is used throughout the food and beverage industry, particularly in applications where controlling sweetness, moisture, texture, shelf life and crystallization matters. From confectionery and baked goods to beverages, jams, syrups and pharmaceutical products, manufacturers need a practical way to monitor the concentration of sugar solutions during production.

One of the simplest analytical tools for this purpose is a refractometer.

Using a Refractometer to Test Kombucha, Beer, Wine, Mead and Other Low Alcohol Fermented Beverages

A refractometer can be a remarkably useful tool for monitoring kombucha, beer, wine, mead, cider and other fermented beverages. It is fast, requires only a small sample, and can provide useful information throughout the fermentation process.

But there is an important distinction that every brewer, fermenter and beverage producer should understand:

A refractometer measures refractive index. It does not directly measure sugar, alcohol or fermentation progress.

Before fermentation, Brix or specific gravity readings can provide a very useful indication of the starting concentration of dissolved solids. After fermentation begins, however, alcohol and organic acids change the optical properties of the liquid. That means a simple Brix-to-specific-gravity conversion can become misleading.

Used correctly, a refractometer is an excellent process-monitoring instrument. Used incorrectly, it can produce numbers that look precise but do not mean what the operator thinks they mean.